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Leisure activities and leisure motivations of Chinese residents

• Meiai Chen,
• Shiyi Xue,
• Yan Shi

x

• Published: Nov 1, 2018
• https://doi.org/ten.1371/journal.pone.0206740

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Abstract

453 residents of Hangzhou Prc (56.1% women, average age 34.68 with range of eighteen–65) were used to investigate leisure activities and leisure motivations. Demographic data such equally gender, age, marital status, education level, and income were collected and analyzed. The results indicated the following: (a) Residents' top 3 favorite activities were internet surfing, drinking tea and chatting, and traveling; (b) The Leisure Motivation Scale had a high reliability, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.93; (c) In general, residents' intellectual, social, competence mastery, and stimulus avoidance scores all reached high levels; and (d) Significant differences among gender, marital status, and education level were plant in leisure motivation. The findings are discussed in regard to the status quo of leisure behaviors and leisure motivations of Chinese residents.

Citation: Chen 1000, Xue S, Shi Y (2018) Leisure activities and leisure motivations of Chinese residents. PLoS Ane thirteen(11): e0206740. https://doi.org/10.1371/periodical.pone.0206740

Editor: Nicola Lacetera, University of Toronto, Rotman School, CANADA

Received: February vii, 2018; Accustomed: October 18, 2018; Published: November 1, 2018

Copyright: © 2018 Chen et al. This is an open up access commodity distributed nether the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted utilise, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Data files.

Funding: This piece of work was supported past Ministry building of Didactics of the People's Republic of China under Grant [14YJCZH010] (MC); Soft Scientific discipline of Science Technology Department of Zhejiang Province [2017C35056] (MC); Soft Science Fund of Hangzhou Scientific discipline and Applied science Committee under Grant [20150834M35] (MC); and National Natural Science Foundation of Red china nether Grant [31400607] (YS).

Competing interests: The authors take alleged that no competing interests exist.

Introduction

Leisure motivation can be defined as a requirement, reason, or satisfaction that stimulates interest in a leisure activeness [one]; it is an intervening gene that stimulates a alter from leisure motivated to leisure participated in residents. Intervention programming is the factor affecting leisure motivation amongst adolescents, and changes in self-reported motivation for leisure due to participation in Healthwise South Africa were investigated [ii]. Leisure motivation had no significant effect on leisure satisfaction when leisure involvement was also in the model, only leisure motivation had a meaning effect on leisure involvement [3]. Meanwhile, leisure involvement provides an effective ways of segmenting physically agile leisure participants, and self-efficacy and motivation for concrete activity were predictably linked to interest [iv]. Motivations for leisure participation and its associations with psychological appointment were investigated, and the results showed that iii of the five hypothesized motivators positively and significantly predicted greater psychological engagement [five].

Walker and his colleagues found that the type of self-construal each person has affects his or her emotions, cognitions, and motivations [6]. The researchers described what self-construal was and how it afflicted intrinsic motivation, and they reviewed some major theories that included intrinsic motivation, as well as discussing how these might simultaneously affect each other. Mannel believed that the authors' paper contributed toward correcting the lack of use of these theories. Developing a leisure theory based on different cultures is important and can be used as a potential stimulant for future leisure theory inquiry and development [7].

Civilisation significantly influences leisure motivation, equally individual beliefs and attitudes partially rely on the social circumstances to which they belong. Social behavior is primarily guided by personal goals in individualistic cultures, while the goals of the commonage have a dominant influence on forming behavior in collectivistic cultures [8]. Walker and Wang focused on the leisure motivations of Canadian and Mainland Chinese University students [9]. Their research results indicated that Canadian students had much more identification, interjected reward, and interjected penalization motivation than did Chinese students. In improver, Walker reported that carve up hierarchical multiple regressions were performed on each motivation with civilisation entered first, followed past a block composed of four types of self-construal: vertical collectivism, horizontal collectivism, horizontal individualism, and vertical individualism [10]. Xu and Morgan performed a cross-cultural comparison of travel beliefs from two unlike nations, namely, China and England [11]. They establish that Chinese students believed it was more of import to see famous sights and learn near other cultures and history, while the British were more than concerned about having fun, socializing and enjoying the challenges of outdoor adventures. Liu and Walker examined the effects of micro (i.e., motivation and constraint) and macro (i.e., urbanization) factors on Chinese residents' leisure-time concrete activeness (LTPA) [12]. They found that urbanization positively affected LTPA participation and the constraints to LTPA.

Additionally, the psychological values that motivate leisure and recreational cyclists were explored, and the major intrinsic motivational factors of cyclists were found to include competence mastery, confinement, exploration, physical challenge, adventure experiences, stimulus seeking, social encounters, and relaxation/escapism [13]. The leisure motivations of disabled people in Ghana were assessed, and the findings advise that the motivations of people with visual and physical disabilities were fourfold, namely, competence mastery, social, intellectual, and stimulus avoidance [14]. The influence of perceived parental command and leisure restructuring power on leisure motivation (amotivation and autonomous motivation) was explored by using samples of eighth-grade adolescents in the Us and Due south Africa. The results showed that the measurement model of the constructs was equivalent beyond the ii samples, but the determinants of leisure motivation differed between the samples [15].

Leisure plays an important role in Chinese order. In recent years, substantial attention has been paid to the People's Republic of Prc in the sphere of leisure studies. Therefore, leisure motivation has already become i of the of import leisure studies in the Western world, only it is only slightly focused on in China, and its importance is often overlooked or ignored. Thus, this written report aims to examine the relationship between leisure activities and leisure motivations of the residents in China, and the reported results will add together to the limited enquiry in the area of leisure motivation in collectivism nations.

Method

Ideals statement

An ideals approval was not required for this research as per Zhejiang Agronomics and Forestry University's guidelines besides as regulations. Nevertheless, an ethical approach is expected. For this enquiry the oral consent of the participants was obtained later principles expressed in the Declaration of Helsinki. The report has no harm to participants, as the names of the residents accept not been used in order to preserve anonymity, and the information were analyzed anonymously.

Study methodologies

Leisure activities questionnaire.

This questionnaire comprises four items, namely, leisure activities engaged in, weekly leisure fourth dimension, leisure frequency, and weekly leisure spending. The respondents entered information related to the leisure activities they enjoy participating in frequently, the number of hours they spend on leisure each calendar week, the number of occasions they participate in leisure each week, and their weekly leisure expenses.

Leisure Motivation Scale.

To study leisure motivation, the Leisure Motivation Scale has been used in all kinds of settings. Bristles and Ragheb developed a comprehensive list of 48 leisure motivations, which can be categorized into iv subscales: intellectual, social, competence mastery, and stimulus avoidance. The shortened 32-item instrument was recommended for use in a enquiry setting in which the time given for assistants was a major consideration, and data could be combined across individuals [xvi]. As a result, this written report utilized the shortened list of 32 items to measure the leisure motivation of residents in Hangzhou. Residents used a five-point Likert scale (ane = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly concur) to rate the 32 leisure motivation items.

Study sample

Data for the current report were collected betwixt 8 and 23 October 2016 in Hangzhou. A convenience sample of residents was selected and recruited to pilot in Zhejiang Library, West Lake, Shopping Mall (Intimes) and Zhejiang Academy; 25 residents refused to participate. After excluding the participants who did not meet the criteria, 453 residents remained.

Participants

The bulk of respondents (56.one%) were female. Half the residents were 25–35 years one-time. With regard to marital condition, 47.2% of the responding residents were single and had relatively more time for leisure than did married residents. For education level, most of the residents had attained a college degree or to a higher place considering Hangzhou is one of the immigrant cities in Red china, and its economic development level is very high. Regarding monthly income, more than half the residents accept an income of over 3000 RMB.

Data analysis

The statistics software package SPSS version 24.0 was used for all information entry and analyses. Information analysis consisted of three stages. First, frequencies were used to examine the residents' current leisure situation. Second, the reliability of the Chinese version of the Leisure Motivation Scale (LMS) was examined. 3rd, contained samples t-tests and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were conducted on leisure motivation using personal background as the independent variable.

Results

Leisure activities engaged in

To examine leisure situations in Hangzhou, residents were asked what leisure activities they enjoy participating in frequently. Table 1 shows that the acme iii favorite leisure activities are internet surfing (56.ane%), drinking tea and chatting (46.one%), and traveling (44.4%). The next four activities are watching films, TV, and cartoons (twoscore.viii%), taking a walk in the park (27.8%), visiting relatives and friends (17.0%), and sports (17.0%).

Weekly leisure time, leisure frequency, and leisure spending

Table ii shows the residents' weekly leisure time and leisure frequency, and their weekly leisure expenses. The data from part 1 indicate that only 25.2% of the residents spend 7 hours or less on leisure each week, while more than 70% of residents spend more than seven hours on leisure each week. The information from office ii show that more than half the residents have part in leisure activities three times or less each week, while 31.8% of the residents take office in leisure activities 3–v times each week. For weekly leisure spending, 61.five% of residents spend less than ¥200 RMB every calendar week, and just 12.viii% of residents spend more than ¥500 RMB on leisure activities every week.

Reliability of survey method

Cronbach'due south alpha was used to approximate the reliability of the LMS in this research. Table 3 shows that Cronbach's alpha coefficients were 0.88 in intellectual motivation, 0.85 in social motivation, 0.87 in competence mastery, and 0.81 in stimulus avoidance. The coefficient of the overall method was 0.93. The reliability coefficients of all the LMS dimensions exceeded 0.80; therefore, the dimensions can be regarded every bit very dependable.

Leisure Motivation Calibration (LMS)

Information were collected by using the LMS, which is divided into iv subscales, namely, Intellectual, Social, Competence Mastery and Stimulus Avoidance. The mean scores and standard deviations (SD) are shown in Tabular array 4. The results indicated that these means are homogeneous.

Inferential analysis

Independent sample t-tests were used to examine the differences in the 4 leisure motivations by gender. Tabular array 5 shows the mean, SD, Levene'southward Exam of equality of variance, and results of leisure motivation by gender.

There were significant differences in both competence mastery and stimulus avoidance between males and females (p < .01). The results showed that both males and females reported the highest scores in competence mastery and stimulus avoidance, but females had a much stronger desire to pursue peaceful and at-home leisure elements than did males.

A one-way betwixt groups ANOVA was used to examine the difference in the 4 leisure motivations past historic period. At that place was no significant deviation found amid leisure motivations by age. Postal service hoc analysis also indicated that there were no significant differences among age groups. Age did not seem to have any influence on leisure participation and leisure motivation. Tabular array 6 shows the means and SD.

ANOVA was used to examine the differences among the four leisure motivations by marital condition. Tabular array seven shows the means, SD, ANOVA results, and Scheffé post hoc comparison.

There was a significant difference found in intellectual motivation. Residents who are separated and divorced had the highest scores on the intellectual motivation subscale. The results indicated that unmarried residents were more probable to evidence intellectual motivation.

One-mode ANOVA was used to examine the differences among the four leisure motivations by teaching level. Table 8 shows the mean, SD, ANOVA results, and Scheffé post hoc comparing of leisure motivations by pedagogy level. There was a meaning deviation in social motivation among education levels. Residents with loftier educational activity levels reported the lowest mean scores in social motivation.

One-style ANOVA was also used to examine the differences among the 4 leisure motivations based on income, and no meaning differences were found. Mail hoc analysis also indicated that in that location were no significant differences amongst income groups. Income did not seem to have whatsoever influence on leisure participation and leisure motivation. Table 9 shows the hateful and SD.

Table x shows the crosstab for gender and marital status. Among the female residents, 49.2% (125) were single, and simply 0.viii% (2) were divorced. Among the residents who were married with children, 52% (26) were male, and 48% (24) were female person. A comparing of the residents who were unmarried and those who were married with no children, the results indicated that gender may not be an influencing factor of marital status.

Pearson correlations were used to explore the leisure activities that had the strongest relationships with leisure motivation. Tabular array 11 showed the coefficients of the top v activities toward leisure motivation. Among the top five activities, traveling and taking a walk in the park were the strongest predictors for social motivation, and drinking tea and chatting was the strongest predictor for competence mastery. It is only statistically significant relationship.

Leisure time, leisure frequency, and leisure spending were transformed into dichotomous variables to find the strongest predictor for leisure motivation by using Pearson correlations. The responses that indicated a leisure time of less than 14 hours a week were categorized every bit "0", and the responses that indicated a leisure fourth dimension of more than than 14 hours a week were categorized as "1". The responses that indicated a leisure frequency of less than 5 times a week were categorized every bit "0", and the responses that indicated a leisure frequency of more than 7 times a calendar week were categorized every bit "1". The responses that indicated a leisure expense of less than ¥199 a week were categorized every bit "0", and the responses that indicated a leisure expense of more than ¥200 a week were categorized as "1". Tabular array 12 shows the coefficients for leisure time, leisure frequency, and leisure spending for leisure motivation. The results showed that leisure frequency was the strongest predictor for social motivation, and leisure spending had a pregnant relationship with social motivation. It is but statistically meaning relationship.

Give-and-take

The purpose of this study is to investigate the leisure activities and leisure motivations of the residents of Hangzhou, China. Demographic variables (gender, age, marital status, teaching level, and income) were also examined.

Condition quo of residents' leisure in Hangzhou

The top three favorite activities of residents are cyberspace surfing (56.i%), drinking tea and chatting (46.1%), and traveling (44.4%). The results show that with the rapid technology development too equally the social and economic progress over the past twenty years in Hangzhou, the residents' lives in terms of leisure have inverse substantially. Internet surfing and other high-tech leisure activities account for a much higher proportion of residents' leisure participation, while traditional leisure such as playing poker and mahjong (7.vii%) and hobbies (e.g., painting, reading, photography and collections) (10.ii%) are less frequent in residents currently. These results are consequent with Su's conclusion [17], in which college students' acme three favorite leisure activities are net surfing, jail cell phone text advice, and sports.

Hangzhou is a famous city for its natural beauty and is always crowned as the "Capital of Tea", "Home of Silk", and "Paradise on Earth". Hangzhou is best known as the origin of the Tea of Longjing, a notable greenish tea. Teahouses can be seen everywhere in Hangzhou. Therefore, it is non surprising that drinking tea and chatting (46.1%) are some of the residents' favorite leisure activities. In add-on to internet surfing (56.i%) and drinking tea and chatting (46.1%), traveling (44.iv%) is also a favorite leisure activity of residents. Hangzhou has rich tourism resources, including Due west Lake, Lingyin Temple, and Xixi National Wetland Park. Traveling is essential for the residents of Hangzhou. Among the pinnacle five activities, traveling was the strongest predictor for social motivation, while drinking tea and chatting was the the strongest predictor for competence mastery.

Status quo of residents' leisure motivation in Hangzhou

Every bit shown in Table four, overall, residents' leisure motivations, including intellectual, social, competence mastery, and stimulus avoidance, all had college levels. Female and male residents both had the highest scores in competence mastery and stimulus avoidance, simply female person residents had a much stronger want to pursue peaceful and calm leisure items than did male residents. The results indicated that there were no significant differences among leisure motivations by age and income. Age and income did not seem to accept any influence on leisure participation and leisure motivation at all.

There were significant differences in intellectual motivation by marital condition. Residents who were separated or divorced had the highest scores on intellectual motivation. The findings indicated that single residents were more likely to show intellectual motivation. Thus, partnership played an important role in intellectual motivation. In addition, teaching seemed to touch residents' leisure motivations. Residents who attained higher pedagogy levels may be better able to financially maintain their daily lives. The results showed that residents with loftier education levels had the lowest mean scores on social motivation.

Summarization

This research makes several significant contributions to the literature on leisure. First, past focusing on leisure activities and leisure motivations of the residents of Mainland china, the researchers determined the reasons why residents cull to appoint or disengage in different activities and how residents' gender, historic period, marital status, educational activity level and income relate to their leisure motivations. Second, the current findings provide a foundation for further in-depth written report of leisure motivation. The study of residents' leisure should involve their own history and culture. Finally, these findings provide benign data for investigating Chinese leisure motivations.

Because of an oversight, career, which should be another important factor that affects leisure beliefs, was not measured in this enquiry. Many existing researches on leisure motivation involved the career cistron. The shortened version of the Leisure Motivation Scale was used in a sample of 1,127 British vacationers [18]. Starzyk et al. used the Leisure Motivation Scale to study leisure motivation and psychosocial adjustment among young offenders and high school students [xix]. Meanwhile, the human relationship amidst leisure satisfaction, leisure motivation, and perceived liberty in leisure was examined in 84 male offenders [twenty], and young offenders and high school students differed significantly in terms of personality but not leisure motivation [21]. The results showed that residents' careers should exist considered to assistance explicate leisure motivations. Furthermore, additional career types should be examined in developing countries in futurity work. In improver, when Walker investigated Canadian and Mainland Chinese students' leisure behaviors, he evaluated the role of self-construal, which was used every bit an intervening variable between civilisation and motivation [x]. Self-construal and self-determination theory (SDT) should be taken into account to examine the residents' leisure motivations in hereafter research.

Supporting information

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